The pan african orogenic cycle is time equivalent with the cadomian orogeny in western and central europe and the baikalian in asia. These studies recognize a highgrade metamorphic cycle at 943 34 ma m 1 and reworking in an amphibolite facies metamorphic cycle m 2 during the panafrican orogeny at 524 16 ma. African upper mantle and its relationship to tectonics and. Mesozoic removal of lithospheric mantle beneath the sierra nevada, california pdf. Don hallett, daniel clarklowes, in petroleum geology of libya second edition, 2016. Following the emergence of the ocean, a variety of island arcs.
Panafrican orogeny series of major neoproterozoic orogenic events which related to the formation of the supercontinents gondwana and pannotia 550 ma neoproterozoic damara orogeny mountain building event at the intersection of the congo and the kalahari cratons. First direct evidence of panafrican orogeny associated. Noncylindrical parasitic folding and strain partitioning during the panafrican lufilian orogeny in the chambishinkana basin, central african copperbelt koen torremans 1,a, philippe muchez 1, and manuel sintubin 1 koen torremans et al. Tectonometamorphic evolution of the chewore inliers. This orogeny is also known as the pan gondwanan or saldanian orogeny. The term pan african was introduced by kennedy 1964 to describe a continentwide thermotectonic event that affected much of africa, including the mozambique belt, at c. The basin is a foreland intracratonic trough which was formed during the panafrican orogeny. About half of the total area of nigeria landmass is underlain by rocks of the precambrian age known in the country as the basement complex. The panafrican orogeny coincided with the building of africa and has been the dominant influence on the subsequent evolution of the continent. Panafrican orogeny the university of texas at dallas. We are an africa of hard work, honesty, good neighbourliness, with respect for diversity. The murzuq basin, libya a proven petroleum system earthdoc. Pan african events culminated in the formation of the late neoproterozoic supercontinent gondwana figure 1.
This orogeny is also known as the pangondwanan or saldanian orogeny. The panafrican orogeny is an event which occurred about 600 million years ago and has affected large areas encircling the west african, congo and kalahari cratons. Pdf on jan 1, 2004, a kroner and others published panafrican orogeny find, read and cite all the. It has evolved through several tectonic events from pan african to alpinian. Continental crust formed in this period is concentrated in.
The pan african orogenic episode is characterized by tectonic, magmatic and metamorphic activity. Ptt evolution and textural evidence for decompression of. Relics of the mozambique ocean in the central east african. Kola peninsula arcs are about 400 ma emplaced during continental collision in norwegian caledonides 300 km away darcs yellow have yielded 2. It is obvious from the structural and metamorphic evidence that the pan african event reached the status of an orogeny in northwestern nigeria. A thrustbound terrane, the granulite terrane, was delineated and shown to preserve the m 1 parageneses with only minor reworking during m 2. Review of the basement geology and mineral belts of nigeria. The aim of classical panafricanist philosophers and political leaders, among. The results show that this area was subjected to multiple episodes of deformation and there were evidence of reworking of older. Pan african orogeny, nigeria, obudu, upper amphibolitelower granulite facies introduction the precambrian basement terrane in nigeria is located in the neoproterozoic to early phanerozoic pan african transsaharan mobile belt that stretches from north africa to brazil, and has boundaries with the west african craton to the. Dubois and that is the attitude that all of uj had to him. Panafrican orogeny looking for a professional download pdf. A structural analysis has been carried out along the southeast margin of the chambishinkana basin in the central african copperbelt, hosting the worldclass copper and cobalt cuco nkana orebody. He disputes the importance of this orogeny elsewhere in west africa.
Improving geochronological framework of the panafrican orogeny in cameroon. Jointing, fracturing, and faulting followed the orogeny, and a major northeastsouthwesttrending transcurrent fault system crosses the area. Distribution of the resulting anomalies confirms the continuity towards. One of the structural features left following the panafrican orogeny was an elongate arch extending senw from the tibisti mountains to the vicinity of tripoli, and evidence of this arch is to be found in the separation of the kufrah and murzuq basins, in the brakbin. Zircon evaporation ages from granitoid gneisses ranging from 2555 to 1740 ma and to 700 ma, which have been interpreted as intrusion ages reischmann et al. Improving geochronological framework of the panafrican.
Of all the above, the eburnean and the pan african are major events which modified the precambrian geology of nigeria including the southwestern nigerian basement complex. Characteristics that help in identifying ancient suture zones and collision zones 1local preservation lp of rifted atlantictype margin rocks 2 lp of ophiolite fragments 3lp of fragments of island and andean arc rocks and arc roots. Improving geochronological framework of the pan african orogeny in cameroon. The integration and shape of the african plate was affected by the tectonothermal neoproterozoic panafrican orogenic event fig. Jelsma encyclopedia of life support systems eolss the worldwide 1. Astriking example of this occurs in the highly publicized twentieth century funds tropical africa new york, 1960, ii, p. The philosophy and opinions of marcus garvey, or, africa for the africans by marcus garvey, black skin, white masks by f. Ptt evolution and textural evidence for decompression of pan. The integration and shape of the african plate was affected by the tectonothermal neoproterozoic pan african orogenic event fig. Hiking tours brazil the neoproterozoic brasiliano pan african cycle 850 500 ma describes the assembly of west gondwana from the break up of supercontinent rodinia pannotia to the closure of all oceanic basins, over a series of subduction and collisional events up to its final fusion agglutination.
The geometrically complex structural architecture is interpreted to have been generated during a single nesworiented compressional event, clearly linked to. The notion that gondwana was assembled during the late precambrian from two older fragments along the pan african mozambique belt was first proposed in the early 1980s. Panafrican granulitefacies metamorphism in the mozambique. There has been a general consensus that the initial and paroxysmal phases of the panafrican orogeny took place at ca. Instead of brasilianopanafrican orogeny some authors use brasilianopan. Following the emergence of the ocean, a variety of.
The timing coincided with a range of global orogenies, e. The murzuq basin is located to the southwest of libya. The metabasic rocks are interpreted as representing components of an island arc with an associated back. Nigeria is situated within the pan african mobile belt and sandwiched between the west african craton to the west, the taureq shield to the north and the congo craton to the southeast fig. The tectonics and impact of the pan african orogeny on the hong hills area of north eastern nigeria has been unraveled. Plate tectonics and the panafrican orogeny in nigeria. The classical panafricanist thinkers thus discov ered.
Pan africanism must and should be viewed within the lining of this thin thread that links the various african cultures. Somehistorical notes hetermpanafricansm has beenbandied about in recent years with disturbing inaccuracy. Journal of geology and mining research structure and. Following the panafrican orogeny the kufrah basin shows evidence of extensional tectonics during the infracambrian to.
The panafrican orogeny was a series of major neoproterozoic orogenic events which related to the formation of the supercontinents gondwana and pannotia about 600 million years ago. Panafrican events culminated in the formation of the late neoproterozoic supercontinent gondwana figure 1. The pan african orogeny is an event which occurred about 600 million years ago and has affected large areas encircling the west african, congo and kalahari cratons. That tectonic evolution was the one that eventually formed the arabian platform. Highergrade sedimentary packages, also attributed to the pan african, are found along the northern border of the country where they are associated with major strikeslip and thrust faults. The authors present superb simplified geological maps of each major part of the orogen, a vast array. One of the structural features left following the panafrican orogeny was an elongate arch extending senw from the tibisti mountains to the vicinity of tripoli, and evidence of this arch is to be found in the separation of the kufrah and murzuq basins, in the brakbin ghanimah uplift. The panafrican orogenic cycle is timeequivalent with the cadomian orogeny in western and central europe and the baikalian in asia. Overview of the brasilianopan african orogeny shown as neoproterozoic orogens in the.
Panafrican paleostresses and reactivation of the eburnean. The panafrican orogeny and the grenville orogeny are the largest known systems of orogenies on earth. First direct evidence of panafrican orogeny associated with. The complex glacial influence sedimentation and erosion have been recognized in the ordovician hawaz and mamuniyat. This work basically used structural identification and tectonic inference to decipher the deformation episodes in this region. The panafrican orogeny was a series of major neoproterozoic orogenic events which related to the formation of the supercontinents gondwana and pannotia. The pan african orogeny and the grenville orogeny are the largest known systems of orogenies. The geological evolution of africa encyclopedia of life. The panafrican metacratonic evolution of the paleoproterozoic northern margin of the west african craton. Pan african orogeny an overview sciencedirect topics. The tectonics and impact of the panafrican orogeny on the hong hills area of north eastern nigeria has been unraveled.
Pan african orogeny is now widely used as a general term describing a series of orogenic events. First direct evidence of pan african orogeny associated with gondwana assembly. The historical aspects of panafricanism apersonal chronicle. Panafrican basement and alpine deformation introduction. Petrogenesis, geochemistry and structural evidence of the. The african continent preserves a long geological record that covers almost 75% of earths history. Parts official letters in english pdf of the sevierlaramide orogeny. The eburnean orogeny early proterozoic, 2000ma2500ma iii. Pt conditions of panafrican orogeny in southeastern nigeria. Belt in south africa, whilst south african alex du toit 1927, following his.
Kibaran orogeny mountain building event in what is now africa. First direct evidence of panafrican orogeny associated with gondwana assembly. Fitches1 has convincingly demonstrated the relative insignificance of the panafrican orogeny in a part of coastal ghana. Panafrican orogeny, nigeria, obudu, upper amphibolitelower granulite facies introduction the precambrian basement terrane in nigeria is located in the neoproterozoic to early phanerozoic panafrican transsaharan mobile belt that stretches from north africa to brazil, and has boundaries with the west african craton to the. The panafrican orogenic cycle is time equivalent with the cadomian orogeny in western. We are a continent of varied history and realities. Other articles where panafrican orogeny is discussed. Oceans closed at margins reactivated 1 ga continental crust. Turkictype orogeny is a class of collisional mountain building, in which the precollision history of one, or both, of the colliding continents involves the growth of very large, subcontinentsize subductionaccretion complexes, into which magmatic arc axes commonly migrate and thus enlarge the continent to which they are attached. The difference in mantle structure between the cratons and panafrican terranes of northern africa is apparent in our uppermantle shear wave model. Microstructural, petrological and geochronological data on the kyanitemicaschists hosting the cuu lumwana deposit in the western zambian copperbelt of the lu lian belt fran. It is obvious from the structural and metamorphic evidence that the panafrican event reached the status of an orogeny in northwestern nigeria. We suggest that the 5000 km wide panafrican domain of saharan africa, a collage of juvenile and old reactivated basement terranes, has suffered regional continental lithospheric mantle delamination during the early stages of this orogeny, as has been postulated for the more recent himalayan orogeny in tibet.
Gravity characteristics of the pan african orogen in ghana, togo and benin west africa gravity characteristics of the pan african orogen in ghana, togo and benin west africa elhadj tidjani, m affaton, p louis, p socohou, a. In the same year, 1915, duboiss little book the negro popularized the history of the african kingdoms south of the. The panafrican orogenic episode is characterized by tectonic, magmatic and metamorphic activity. A sr, nd, pb, and os isotopic study of peridotites and granulite. Synmetamorphic cu remobilization during the panafrican. Panafrican orogeny is now widely used as a general term describing a series of orogenic events. At the end of this orogenic cycle, a large continuous landmass. The basin is a foreland intracratonic trough which was formed during the pan african orogeny.
The complex glacial influence sedimentation and erosion have been recognized in the ordovician hawaz and mamuniyat sediments. Panafricanism must and should be viewed within the lining of this thin thread that links the various african cultures. A decade later this continental collision was named the east african orogeny, but it was also realised that this was not the simple bringing together of two halves. The kibaran orogeny mid proterozoic, 1100ma 2000ma iv. Cratons, mobile belts, alkaline rocks and continental. A pan african origin and uplift for the gneisses and. The external structural units are composed of sediments and metasediments, representing the lateral equivalents of the lower and middle megasequences of the volta basin 7, 9, 26, andor gneissic nappes corresponding to the eburnean rocks that were highly reworked during the panafrican orogeny 1, 18, 2729. Highergrade sedimentary packages, also attributed to the panafrican, are found along the northern border of the country where they are associated with major strikeslip and thrust faults. The pan african orogenic cycle is timeequivalent with the cadomian orogeny in western and central europe and the baikalian in asia. Exploration new exploration opportunities in equatorial guinea. Panafrican orogeny in northern nigeria gsa bulletin. Microstructural, petrological and geochronological data on the kyanitemicaschists hosting the cuu lumwana deposit in the western zambian. Gravity characteristics of the panafrican orogen in ghana, togo and benin west africa gravity characteristics of the panafrican orogen in ghana, togo and benin west africa elhadj tidjani, m affaton, p louis, p socohou, a.
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